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8.3 Near flat case

At this point we divide our considerations into two cases. In the far field limit hmn represent perturbations about flat space, i.e., (0) gmn = jmn. The exact “unperturbed” thermal propagators for scalar fields are known, i.e., the Euclidean propagator with periodicity b. Using the Fourier transformed form (those quantities are denoted with a tilde) of the thermal propagators b G~ab(k), the trace terms of the form tr[V(a1)Gb V (1)Gb ] mn b rs can be written as [54Jump To The Next Citation Point55Jump To The Next Citation Point]
[ ] tr V (a1)Gbmn V (1)Gbrs = integral b integral n n ' a b ' -dnk---dnq-- ik(x-x') ~ b ~b mn,ab d x d x hmn(x)h ab(x ) (2p)n (2p)n e G mn(k + q)G rs(q)T (q,k), (170)
where the tensor mn,ab T (q,k) is defined in [54Jump To The Next Citation Point55Jump To The Next Citation Point] after an expansion in terms of a basis of 14 tensors [249Jump To The Next Citation Point250Jump To The Next Citation Point]. In particular, the last trace of Equation (169View Equation) may be split in two different kernels Nmn,ab(x - x') and Dmn,ab(x - x'),
[ ] integral itr V (1)Gb V (1)Gb = - d4xd4x'h+ (x)h- (x')[Dmn,ab(x - x') + iNmn,ab(x - x')]. (171) 2 + +- - -+ mn ab
One can express the Fourier transforms of these kernels as
integral 4 ~Nmn,ab(k) = p2 -d-q-{h(ko + qo) h(-qo) + h(- ko- qo)h(qo) + nb( |qo|) + nb(| ko + qo|) (2p)4 +2 n (|qo| )n (| ko + qo|)}d(q2) d[(k + q)2]Tmn,ab(q,k), (172) integral 4 b b ~ mn,ab 2 -d-q-- o o o o o o o o o D (k) = - ip (2p)4 {h(k + q )h(- q )- h(-k - q )h(q ) + sig (k + q )nb(|q | ) o o o 2 [ 2] mn,ab -sig(q )nb( |k + q |)}d(q )d (k + q) T (q,k), (173)
respectively.

Using the property mn,ab mn,ab T (q,k) = T (-q, -k), it is easy to see that the kernel mn,ab ' N (x - x ) is symmetric and Dmn,ab(x - x') is antisymmetric in its arguments; that is, Nmn,ab(x) = Nmn,ab(- x) and Dmn,ab(x) = - Dmn,ab(- x).

The physical meanings of these kernels can be extracted if we write the renormalized CTP effective action at finite temperature (169View Equation) in an influence functional form [32Jump To The Next Citation Point111Jump To The Next Citation Point161Jump To The Next Citation Point162Jump To The Next Citation Point]. N, the imaginary part of the CTP effective action can be identified with the noise kernel and D, the antisymmetric piece of the real part with the dissipation kernel. Campos and Hu [54Jump To The Next Citation Point55Jump To The Next Citation Point] have shown that these kernels identified as such indeed satisfy a thermal fluctuation-dissipation relation.

If we denote the difference and the sum of the perturbations h±mn defined along each branch C± of the complex time path of integration C by [hmn] =_ h+mn - h-mn and {hmn}= _ h+mn + hm-n, respectively, the influence functional form of the thermal CTP effective action may be written to second order in h mn as

integral b [ ± ] ----1----- 4 4 ' mn,ab ' ' Seff hmn -~ 2(16pG ) d x d x [hmn](x) L(o) (x - x ){hab}(x ) integral N + 1- d4x [h ](x) Tmn 2 mn (b) 1 integral 4 4 ' mn,ab ' ' + -- d x d x [hmn](x)H (x - x ){hab}(x ) 2 integral - 1- d4x d4x'[h ](x)Dmn,ab(x - x'){h }(x') 2 mn ab i integral + -- d4x d4x'[hmn](x)Nmn,ab(x - x')[hab](x'). (174) 2
The first line is the Einstein-Hilbert action to second order in the perturbation hm±n(x). Lm(no),ab(x) is a symmetric kernel (i.e., mn,ab L(o) (x) = mn,ab L (o) (- x)). In the near flat case its Fourier transform is given by
~ mn,ab 1-[ 2 mn,ab 2 mn,ab mn,ab mn,ab ] L (o) (k) = 4 - k T 1 (q,k) + 2k T 4 (q,k) + T8 (q,k)- 2T13 (q,k) . (175)
The 14 elements of the tensor basis mn,ab T i (q,k), i = 1,...,14, are defined in [249Jump To The Next Citation Point250Jump To The Next Citation Point]. The second is a local term linear in h±mn(x). Only far away from the hole it takes the form of the stress tensor of massless scalar particles at temperature b -1, which has the form of a perfect fluid stress-energy tensor,
[ ] mn p2 m n 1 mn m n T(b) = ----4 u u + --(j + u u ) , (176) 30b 3
where um is the four-velocity of the plasma and the factor 2 3p0b4- is the familiar thermal energy density for massless scalar particles at temperature b-1. In the far field limit, taking into account the four-velocity m u of the fluid, a manifestly Lorentz-covariant approach to thermal field theory may be used [292]. However, in order to simplify the involved tensorial structure, we work in the co-moving coordinate system of the fluid where um = (1, 0,0,0). In the third line, the Fourier transform of the symmetric kernel Hmn,ab(x) can be expressed as
{ } mn,ab ak4 1 |k2| mn,ab 1 mn,ab H~ (k) = - ---- --ln --2 Q (k) + --Q (k) 4 2 m 3 --p2-- { mn,ab mn,ab mn,ab mn,ab } + 180b4 - T1 (u,k) - 2T 2 (u,k) + T 4 (u,k) + 2T 5 (u,k) { } + --q-- k2Tmn1,ab(u,k) - 2k2Tmn4,ab(u,k) - Tmn8,ab(u,k) + 2Tmn1,3ab(u, k) 96b2 { [ ] [ ]} i ntegral d4q 2 o 1 2 o o 1 mn,ab +p ----4- d(q )nb(|q | )P ------2 + d[(k+q) ]nb( |k + q |)P -2 T (q,k), (2p) (k +q) q (177)
where m is a simple redefinition of the renormalization parameter m given by m =_ m exp( 23-+ 1 ln 4p - 1g) 15 2 2, and the tensors mn,ab Q (k) and mn,ab Q (k) are defined by
{ } mn,ab 3 mn,ab 1 mn,ab 2 mn,ab Q (k) = 2- T 1 (q,k) - k2T 8 (q,k) + k4T 12 (q,k) [ ( ) ]{ } 1 2 mn,ab 1 mn,ab 1 mn,ab - 1 - 360 q- -- T 4 (q,k) + -4-T12 (q,k) - -2T 13 (q,k) , (178) [ 6 k ] k ( 1)2 1 Qmn,ab(k) = 1 + 576 q - -- - 60(q - -)(1- 36q') 6 6 { } × Tm4n,ab(q,k) + 1-Tmn1,2ab(q,k) - -1-Tm1n3,ab(q,k) , (179) k4 k2
respectively.

In the above and subsequent equations, we denote the coupling parameter in four dimensions q(4) by q, and consequently q' means dq(n)/dn evaluated at n = 4. ~Hmn,ab(k) is the complete contribution of a free massless quantum scalar field to the thermal graviton polarization tensor [249Jump To The Next Citation Point250Jump To The Next Citation Point72Jump To The Next Citation Point27Jump To The Next Citation Point], and it is responsible for the instabilities found in flat spacetime at finite temperature [116249Jump To The Next Citation Point250Jump To The Next Citation Point72Jump To The Next Citation Point27Jump To The Next Citation Point]. Note that the addition of the contribution of other kinds of matter fields to the effective action, even graviton contributions, does not change the tensor structure of these kernels, and only the overall factors are different to leading order [249Jump To The Next Citation Point250Jump To The Next Citation Point]. Equation (177View Equation) reflects the fact that the kernel ~Hmn,ab(k) has thermal as well as non-thermal contributions. Note that it reduces to the first term in the zero temperature limit (b --> oo),

{ } mn,ab ak4- 1- |k2|- mn,ab 1- mn,ab ~H (k) -~ - 4 2 ln m2 Q (k) + 3 Q (k) , (180)
and at high temperatures the leading term (b-4) may be written as
14 ~mn,ab -p2-- sum mn,ab H (k) -~ 30b4 Hi(r)T i (u, K), (181) i=1
where we have introduced the dimensionless external momentum Km =_ km/|k| =_ (r,^k). The Hi(r) coefficients were first given in [249250] and generalized to the next-to-leading order b- 2 in [7227]. (They are given with the MTW sign convention in [54Jump To The Next Citation Point55Jump To The Next Citation Point].)

Finally, as defined above, mn,ab N (x) is the noise kernel representing the random fluctuations of the thermal radiance and Dmn,ab(x) is the dissipation kernel, describing the dissipation of energy of the gravitational field.


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