Figure 7: (Left) Evolution of the effective gravitational potential (denoted as in the
figure) versus the scale factor (with the present value ) on the scale
for the CDM model and f (R) models with = 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0. As the parameter
increases, the decay of decreases and then turns into growth for . (Right) The CMB
power spectrum for the CDM model and f (R) models with = 0.5, 1.5,
3.0, 5.0. As increases, the ISW contributions to low multipoles decrease, reach the minimum
around = 1.5, and then increase. The black points correspond to the WMAP 3-year data [561].
From [545].
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