Figure 3: Supernova explosion energies (dotted lines) based on simulation (solid circles) and
observation (solid dot of SN 1987A) as a function of progenitor mass. The binding energy of the
envelop (material beyond the core) rises dramatically at (solid line). This fast rise
with mass and the decline based on explosion simulations of the energies from the convective engine
mean that even if the errors in these estimates are large, the likely dividing line between neutron star
and black hole formation can be determined fairly accurately. Figure 1 of Fryer & Kalogera [109].
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