Figure 3

Figure 3: Supernova explosion energies (dotted lines) based on simulation (solid circles) and observation (solid dot of SN 1987A) as a function of progenitor mass. The binding energy of the envelop (material beyond the 3M ⊙ core) rises dramatically at 20M ⊙ (solid line). This fast rise with mass and the decline based on explosion simulations of the energies from the convective engine mean that even if the errors in these estimates are large, the likely dividing line between neutron star and black hole formation can be determined fairly accurately. Figure 1 of Fryer & Kalogera [109].