For example, given the machinery developed so far, taking the short wavelength/high frequency limit to obtain geometrical acoustics is now easy. Sound rays (phonons) follow the null geodesics of the acoustic metric. Compare this to general relativity, where in the geometrical optics approximation, light rays (photons) follow null geodesics of the physical spacetime metric. Since null geodesics are insensitive to any overall conformal factor in the metric [445, 275, 670], one might as well simplify life by considering a modified conformally-related metric
This immediately implies that, in the geometric acoustics limit, sound propagation is insensitive to the density of the fluid. In this limit, acoustic propagation depends only on the local speed of sound and the velocity of the fluid. It is only for specifically wave-related properties that the density of the medium becomes important. We can rephrase this in a language more familiar to the acoustics community by invoking the eikonal
approximation. Express the linearised velocity potential, , in terms of an amplitude,
, and phase,
, by
. Then, neglecting variations in the amplitude
, the wave equation reduces to the
eikonal equation
Furthermore, if the geometry is stationary (steady flow) one can do slightly better. Let
be some null path from
to
, parameterised in terms of physical arc length
(i.e.,
). Then the tangent vector to the path is
http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-2011-3 |
Living Rev. Relativity 14, (2011), 3
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