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Figure 1:
Contours of the conformal factor in the equatorial plane for the innermost
configuration with and shown in [210]. The cross “ ” indicates the position
of the rotation axis. |
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Figure 2:
Binding energy (left panel) and total angular momentum (right panel) as
functions of for binaries of mass ratio and NS mass ( ) [210].
The solid curve with filled circles show numerical results, and the dashed curve denotes the results
in the 3PN approximation [25]. |
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Figure 3:
The same as Figure 2 but for the sequence of mass ratio [210]. |
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Figure 4:
The binding energy as a function of total angular momentum for binaries of mass
ratio , and different NS compactness [210]. The solid curve denotes the results in the 3PN
approximation [25]. |
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Figure 5:
Extrapolation of sequences for NS compactness to the mass-shedding limit
( ). The thick curves are sequences constructed using numerical data, and the thin curves
are extrapolated sequences [210]. Note that the horizontal axis is the orbital angular velocity in
polytropic units, . |
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Figure 6:
Fits of the mass-shedding limit by the analytic expression (101) [210]. The mass-shedding
limit for each NS compactness and mass ratio is computed by the extrapolation of the numerical
data. |
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Figure 7:
Fits of the minimum point of the binding energy curve by expression (103) [210]. |
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Figure 8:
An example of the boundary between the mass-shedding limit and the ISCO [210]. The
selected model is the case of . The solid curve denotes the mass-shedding limit, and
the long-dashed one the ISCO for each mass ratio as a function of the orbital angular velocity in
polytropic units. The dotted curve denotes the mass-shedding limit for unstable quasi-equilibrium
sequences. |
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Figure 9:
Critical mass ratio, which separates BH-NS binaries that encounter an ISCO before
reaching mass shedding and undergoing tidal disruption, as a function of the compactness of NS.
This figure is drawn for the model of polytropic EOS [210]. |
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Figure 10:
The relation between the mass and the circumferential radius of a spherical NS with
piecewise polytropic EOS for which parameters are described in Table 4. For comparison, the curve
for the polytropic EOS with in cgs units is also plotted (dotted curve).
The figure is taken from [107]. Note that if the observational result of [51] (if the presence of an
NS) is confirmed by 100%, some of the soft EOS displayed here will be ruled out. |
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Figure 11:
Evolution of the rest-mass density profile in units of and the location
of the apparent horizon on the equatorial plane for a model with , ,
, and (EOS 2H). This simulation was performed by the KT group.
The filled circle denotes the region inside the apparent horizon of the BH. The colored panel on the
right-hand side of each figure shows . This figure is taken from [107]. |
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Figure 12:
The same as Figure 11 but for a model with , ,
, and (EOS B). |
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Figure 13:
Trajectories of the BH and NS coordinate centroids for models with , ,
and (left) and (right). This simulation was performed by the UIUC group. The
NS is modeled by the -law EOS with . The BH coordinate centroid corresponds to the
centroid of the BH, and the NS coordinate centroid denotes a mass center. This figure is taken
from [63]. |
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Figure 14:
A remnant BH-disk system for models shown in Figure 13. The simulation was performed
by the UIUC group. The contour curves, velocity fields (arrows), and BH (solid circles) are plotted.
This figure is taken from [63]. |
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Figure 15:
The same as Figure 11 but for a model with , ,
, and (EOS HB). The simulation was performed by the KT group.
The figure is taken from [109]. |
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Figure 16:
The same as Figure 15 but for a model with . This simulation was performed
by the KT group. This figure is taken from [109]. |
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Figure 17:
The same as Figure 16 but for a model with . This simulation was performed
by the KT group. This figure is taken from [109]. |
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Figure 18:
Schematic pictures for the three types of merger process that have been found to date.
Left (type-I): the NS is tidally-disrupted and the extent of the tidally disrupted material is as large
as or larger than the BH surface area. Middle (type-II): the NS is not tidally disrupted and simply
swallowed by the BH. Right (type-III): the NS is tidally disrupted and the extent of the tidally
disrupted material in the vicinity of the BH horizon is smaller than the BH surface area. The solid
black sphere is the BH, the blue distorted ellipsoid is the NS, the solid red circle is the location of
the BH ISCO, and the dashed circle is the location of the tidal-disruption limit. This figure is taken
from [109]. |
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Figure 19:
Left: Disk mass at 10 ms after the onset of merger as a function of NS compactness
with various piecewise polytropic EOS and with various values of for . Right: The same
as the left panel but for . The simulations were performed by the KT group and the figure
is taken from [109]. |
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Figure 20:
Left: Summary of the remnant disk mass as a function of the BH spin for a fixed EOS
( EOS), NS compactness ( ), and mass ratio ( ), computed by the UIUC,
CCCW, and KT groups. The vertical axis shows the fraction of the disk mass where
is the baryon rest mass of the NS. “CCCWin” shows the results by the CCCW group with
inclination angle of the BH spin, 40, 60, and 80 degrees (from upper to lower points). Right: The same
as the left panel but for the disk mass in the solar mass unit for more compact NS ( )
with a piecewise polytropic EOS (HB). The simulation was performed by the KT group [109]. For
both panels, the disk mass is measured at after the onset of the merger (for the -law
EOS, is assumed to be ). |
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Figure 21:
Left: Disk mass as a function of NS compactness for various values of with .
Right: The same as the left panel but for . These simulations were performed by the KT
group and this figure is taken from [109]. |
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Figure 22:
A summary for the conditions of tidal disruption and mass shedding for in the
plane of . If the value of or is smaller than that of the threshold curves shown here,
they occur. The points with error bars (and the dotted curve) approximately denote the numerical
results for tidal disruption, based on results by the KT group for , by the CCCW, KT, and
UIUC groups for , and by the AEI group for . The solid and dashed curves denote
the critical curves for the onset of mass shedding for EOS in general relativity [209, 210],
and for the incompressible fluid in a tidal approximation (see Equation (12)), respectively. |
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Figure 23:
Gravitational waveforms observed along the axis perpendicular to the orbital plane for
and with very stiff (2H), stiff (H), moderate (HB), and soft (B) EOS. The simulation
was performed by the KT group. The solid and dashed curves denote the numerical results and results
derived by the Taylor-T4 formula. is the distance from the source and .
The left and right axes show the normalized amplitude ( ) and physical amplitude for
= 100 Mpc, respectively. This figure is taken from [107]. |
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Figure 24:
The same as Figure 23 but for and (top left), 0.5 (top right), 0
(bottom left), and –0.5 (bottom right) with HB EOS. This figure is taken from [109]. |
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Figure 25:
The gravitational-wave spectrum for (Case E), 3 (Case A), and 5 (Case D) with
and -law EOS with . This simulation was performed by the UIUC group. The
solid curve shows the spectrum of a 2.5PN and numerical waveforms, while the dotted curve shows
the contribution from the numerical waveform only. The dashed curve is the analytic fit derived
in [5] from analysis of BH-BH binaries composed of a non-spinning BH with the same values of
as the BH-NS. The heavy solid curve is the effective strain of Advanced LIGO. To set physical units,
a rest mass is assumed to be ( ) for the NS and a source distance of
= 100 Mpc. This figure is taken from [63]. |
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Figure 26:
Spectra of gravitational waves from BH-NS binaries for , , and
with various EOS. The bottom axis denotes the normalized dimensionless frequency
and the left axis the normalized amplitude . The top axis
denotes the physical frequency in Hz and the right axis the effective amplitude observed
at a distance of 100 Mpc from the binaries. The short-dashed sloped line plotted in the upper left
region denotes a planned noise curve of Advanced-LIGO [2] optimized for NS-NS inspiral
detection (“Standard”), the long-dashed slope line denotes a noise curve optimized for burst detection
(“Broadband”) and the dot-dashed slope line plotted in the lower right region denotes a planned noise
curve of the Einstein Telescope (“ET”) [91, 92]. The upper transverse dashed line is the spectrum
derived by the quadrupole formula and the lower one is the spectrum derived by the Taylor-T4
formula, respectively. This figure is taken from [107]. |
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Figure 27:
Schematic figure for the gravitational-wave spectrum for the same masses of BH and NS
with different EOS of NS for . For (i)-a, tidal disruption occurs far outside the ISCO. For
(i)-b, tidal disruption occurs near the ISCO. For (ii), tidal disruption does not occur and the NS is
simply swallowed by the BH. We refer to the spectra (i)-a and (i)-b as type-I and the spectrum (ii)
as type-II. For and , the type-I spectrum is seen only for small values of the
mass ratio with . The filled and open circles denote the cutoff frequencies associated with
tidal disruption and QNM, respectively. |
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Figure 28:
as a function of in logarithmic scales. The solid line is obtained by
a linear fitting of the data for and . The short-dashed and long-dashed lines show
approximate frequencies of the QNM of the remnant BH for and , respectively. This
figure is taken from [107]. |
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Figure 29:
Left: The same as Figure 26 but for , , and ,
and with a moderately stiff EOS (EOS HB). Right: The same as the left panel but for
, , and with various EOS. The thin dashed curves show the
noise curves for LCGT, advanced LIGO, broadband-designed advanced LIGO, and Einstein telescope
(from upper to lower). The figures are taken from [109]. |
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Figure 30:
Left: Schematic figure of the type-I gravitational-wave spectrum for a high-frequency
side with different values of the BH spin but for the same masses of BH and NS, and NS EOS. With
increase of the BH spin, the cutoff frequency decreases and the amplitude below the cutoff frequency
increases. Right: Three types of the gravitational-wave spectrum. Type-I (i) and type-II (ii) are the
same as those shown in Figure 27. Type-III (iii) is shown for the case in which the BH spin is high
and the mass ratio (and thus the area of the BH horizon) is large. The filled and open circles denote
the cutoff frequencies associated with tidal disruption and with a QNM, respectively. |