Determining agreement between independent observations requires that we believe not just the result (e.g., the value of
from direct distance measurements) but also its uncertainty. The latter has always been challenging in astronomy, and
the history of cosmology is replete with examples of results that were simply wrong. While we may have entered the era of
precision cosmology, we have yet to reach an era when data are so accurate that we can hope to challenge cosmology with
falsification if, for example, PLANCK data require
, while galaxy distances require
.