Equation Icon  ∘ -------- √ -- ℰ0 = ℰ 2c + ℰ√ 2s = 2|ℰ | tan ϕ0 = ℰs∕ℰc√ =-arg ℰ, ϕ0 ∈ [0,2π ], ℰc = ℰ+√ℰ∗-= 2Re [ℰ ] = ℰ0 cosϕ0 ℰs = ℰ−√ℰ∗-= 2Im [ℰ] = ℰ0sinϕ0, (14 ) ℰc+√2iℰs- ℰ√0- iϕ0 ∗ iℰc√2−iℰs- √ℰ0 −iϕ0 ℰ = 2 = 2e ℰ = 2 = 2e .