Figure 12: The evolution of (where is the energy density of the complex scalar field) with
massive field (left) and massless (right). In the massive case, much of the scalar field collapses and a
perturbed boson star is formed at the center, settling down by gravitational cooling. In the massless
case, the scalar field bounces through the origin and then disperses without forming any compact
object. Reprinted with permission from [198]; copyright by APS.
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