It is convenient to describe primordial perturbations using the curvature perturbation on uniform density
hypersurfaces introduced in [86]. An important property of this quantity is that for adiabatic
perturbations – i.e., in absence of isocurvature perturbations, discussed in Section 3.5 – it remains constant
on super-Hubble scales, allowing us to connect the early inflationary phase to the late-time universe
observations, regardless of the details of reheating. In a gauge where the energy density of the inflaton
vanishes, we can define
from the spatial part of the metric (assuming a flat FRW universe), as [781
, 616
]
The power spectrum of primordial perturbations is given by
where During inflation tensor modes are also generated. They are described by the gauge invariant metric
perturbation , defined from the spatial part of the metric as
The form of the power spectrum given in Eq. (3.2.5) approximates very well power spectra of
perturbations generated by slow-roll models. In particular, the spectrum of scalar fluctuations is
given in terms of the Hubble rate
and the first slow-roll parameter
, both
evaluated at the time when the comoving scale
crosses the Hubble radius during inflation,
The spectrum of tensor fluctuations is given by
which shows that the ratio of tensor to scalar fluctuations in Eq. (3.2.8 As a fiducial model, in the next section we will consider chaotic inflation [577], based on the quadratic
inflaton potential . In this case, the first two slow-roll parameters are both given in terms of
the value of the inflaton field at Hubble crossing
or, equivalently, in terms of number of
-folds from
Hubble crossing to the end of inflation
, as
, while
. This implies
We will now study how much Euclid will help in improving the already very tight constraints on the power spectrum given by the Planck satellite. Let us start discussing the forecast for Planck. We assume 2.5 years (5 sky surveys) of multiple CMB channel data, with instrument characteristics for the different channels listed in Table 19. We take the detector sensitivities and the values of the full width half maximum from the Planck “Blue Book” [735]. In this analysis we use three channels for Planck mock data and we assume that the other channels are used for foreground removal and thus do not provide cosmological information.
Channel Frequency (GHz) | 70 | 100 | 143 |
Resolution (arcmin) | 14 | 10 | 7.1 |
Sensitivity - intensity (![]() |
8.8 | 4.7 | 4.1 |
Sensitivity - polarization (![]() |
12.5 | 7.5 | 7.8 |
For a nearly full-sky CMB experiment (we use ), the likelihood
can be approximated
by [923
]
Let us turn now to the Euclid forecast based on the spectroscopic redshift survey. We will model the
galaxy power spectrum in redshift space as ([485, 711, 713
]; see also discussion in Section 1.7.3)
On large scales the matter density field has, to a very good approximation, Gaussian statistics and
uncorrelated Fourier modes. Under the assumption that the positions of observed galaxies are generated by
a random Poissonian point process, the band-power uncertainty is given by ([883]; see also Eq. (1.7.26) in
Section 1.7.3)
Finally, we ignore the band-band correlations and write the likelihood as
To produce the mock data we use a fiducial CDM model with
,
,
,
and
, where
is the reionization optical depth. As mentioned above, we
take the fiducial value for the spectral index, running and tensor to scalar ratio, defined at the pivot scale
, as given by chaotic inflation with quadratic potential, i.e.,
,
and
. We have checked that for Planck data
is almost orthogonal to
and
. Therefore
our result is not sensitive to the fiducial value of
.
The fiducial Euclid spectroscopically selected galaxies are split into 14 redshift bins. The redshift ranges
and expected numbers of observed galaxies per unit volume are taken from [551
] and shown in
the third column of Table 3 in Section 1.8.2 (
). The number density of galaxies that
can be used is
, where
is the fraction of galaxies with measured redshift. The
boundaries of the wavenumber range used in the analysis, labeled
and
, vary in
the ranges
and
respectively, for
. The IR cutoff
is chosen such that
, where
is the comoving
distance of the redshift slice. The UV cutoff is the smallest between
and
. Here
is chosen such that the r.m.s. linear density fluctuation of the matter field in a sphere with
radius
is 0.5. In each redshift bin we use 30
-bins uniformly in
and 20 uniform
-bins.
For the fiducial value of the bias, in each of the 14 redshift bins of width in the range
(0.7 – 2), we use those derived from [698
], i.e. (1.083, 1.125, 1.104, 1.126, 1.208, 1.243, 1.282, 1.292, 1.363,
1.497, 1.486, 1.491, 1.573, 1.568), and we assume that
is redshift dependent choosing
as the fiducial value in each redshift bin. Then we marginalize over
and
in the 14 redshift bins, for
a total of 28 nuisance parameters.
In these two cases, we consider the forecast constraints on eight cosmological parameters, i.e., ,
,
,
,
,
,
, and
. Here
is the angle subtended by the sound horizon on the
last scattering surface, rescaled by a factor 100. We use the publicly available code CosmoMC [558] to
perform Markov Chain Monte Carlo calculation. The nuisance parameters are marginalized over in the final
result. The marginalized 68.3% confidence level (CL) constraints on cosmological parameters for Planck
forecast only, and Planck and Euclid forecast are listed in the second and third columns of Table 20,
respectively.
Euclid can improve the ‘figure of merit’ on the -
plane by a factor of 2.2, as shown in the left
panel of Figure 46
. Because the bias is unknown, the LSS data do not directly measure
or
.
However, Euclid can measure
to a much better accuracy, which can break the degeneracy between
and
that one typically finds using CMB data alone. This is shown in the right panel of
Figure 46
.
A more extensive and in depth analysis of what constraints on inflationary models a survey like Euclid
can provide is presented in [460]. In particular they find that for models where the primordial power
spectrum is not featureless (i.e., close to a power law with small running) a survey like Euclid will be crucial
to detect and measure features. Indeed, what we measure with the CMB is the angular power spectrum of
the anisotropies in the 2-D multipole space, which is a projection of the power spectrum in the 3-D
momentum space. Features at large ’s and for small width in momentum space get smoothed during this
projection but this does not happen for large-scale structure surveys. The main limitation on the
width of features measured using large-scale structure comes from the size of the volume of
the survey: the smallest detectable feature being of the order of the inverse cubic root of this
volume and the error being determined by number of modes contained in this volume. Euclid,
with the large volume surveyed and the sheer number of modes that are sampled and cosmic
variance dominated offers a unique opportunity to probe inflationary models where the potential
is not featureless. In addition the increased statistical power would enable us to perform a
Bayesian model selection on the space of inflationary models (e.g., [334, 691] and references
therein).
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Living Rev. Relativity 16, (2013), 6
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